英语中的时态有16种。 常用的有8种：一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，现在进行时，过去进行时，过去将来时，现在完成时和过去完成时
语态有两种：主动和被动
主要的考点
1. 完成时态的用法
现在完成时：
1）动作发生在过去但对现在有影响
The car has arrived.
Someone has broken the windows.
2）用来表示持续的动作和状态：since, for
I have lived here for more than 30 years.
She has taught us since I came to this school.
固定结构
It is/will be the first time (that) + clause
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It is the first + sth (that) + clause
It is the 形容词最高级… + sth (that) + clause
E.g.. It is the first time that I have visited Xian.
过去完成时：
过去的过去，动作须在过去某一时间完成
He told me that he had seen the day before.
固定结构
It was the 形容词最高级+ sth (that)
It was the first time (that)
By /by the end of + 过去的时间
e.g. By the end of that year, Henry had collected more than 1000 foreign stamps.
将来完成时
表示在将来某一时间之前已经完成的动作，常与表示将来的时间状语连用，By/by the
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end of + 将来的时间
e.g. I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week.
By the time/when+一般现在时的句子
When you come at 7, I shall have finished dinner.
2. 一般将来时的几种用法
1) Will/shall + v.
The newcomers will come tomorrow.
2) be going to + v. 表示近期做某事或可能发生的事
It is going to rain.
3) be +doing 表示将来,有意图安排或打算的含义，常表示最近或较近的将来
He is coming.
4) be to + v. 表示计划安排或命令禁止
The train is to leave for Beijing at 2:10.
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The books are not to be taken out of the room.
5) be about to do 表示计划即将开始的动作
The train is about to start.
6) If, before, when, after, as soon as，unless，till, until,等连词引导的从句中，主句用将来时，从句用一般时代替将来时
I will tell him as soon as I see him.
7) 有时表示客观事实，用一般时不用将来时
Next Friday is his birthday.
3. 时态的呼应
• 从句的谓语动词常受主句谓语动词时态的影响，这种现象为时态的呼应。主句谓语动词为现在时或将来时，从句的谓语动词可按情况用任何所需的时态。
• 主句中的谓语动词用过去时，从句中的谓语动词一般要用过去时的某种形式：从句的动作发生在主句之前用过去完成时； 同时发生用过去进行时；在主句的动作之后将要发生用过去将来时；但从句所陈述的是普遍真理或目前的客观事实，则用一般时。
e.g. 1. John was talking on the phone while we were having breakfast.
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2. I knew he would come.
3. He said he would come back the next day.
4. We never imagined that John would become a doctor.
5. Yesterday the teacher said the earth goes round the sun and he also said Africa is the second largest continent in the world.
• 时间、条件状语从句中的时态由when, till, until, after, as soon as 等引导的时间状语从句和由if, unless, as long as 等引导的条件从句中通常不用将来时态，用一般现在时表将来，用一般过去时表过去将来。
• I will wait till he comes.
• I’ll thank you if you give me a chance.
• As long as you ask I’ll give you anything.
4. 被动语态：被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者
A sound of piano is heard in the room.
1）带双宾语动词变成被动语态，一般将双宾语中表示人的间接宾语变成主语，另一个宾语保持不变。
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He told her a long story.
She was told a long story.
A long story was told to her.
2) 带复合宾语的动词变成被动语态，将原句中的宾语变成主语，原宾补变成主补。We chose him our monitor.
He was chosen our monitor.
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