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初中英语课堂教学设计微技巧-导入与衔接(1)

2020-08-12 来源:步旅网
 初中英语课堂教学设计微技巧—导入与衔接

南宁市第二十六中学 白 云

摘要:外研社New Standard English教材的修订更新让一线教师面临新的挑战。教材在

变,但教学灵魂不变,课堂教学的核心地位不变,教学设计的关键作用不变。本文围绕初中英语课堂教学设计的重要环节,通过12个真实的教学案例分析,阐述了教师课堂教学设计中导入与衔接微技巧的培养。

基于2011版《义务教育英语课程标准》的颁布,外研社的New Standard English修订版教材也随之而出。

关键词:初中英语 教学设计 导入 衔接

时光似箭,基础教育新课程改革已经走过了13个春秋。2011年,国家教育部在《英语课程标准》(实验稿)的基础上,修改完善并颁布出版了《义务教育英语课程标准》。一线教师对教材的更新褒贬不一,因为教师对教材改变的适应程度是不一样的。备熟教材的老师不愿面对新的教学内容,勇于自我挑战的老师则喜欢尝试新的改变。其实,教材虽在变,但教学灵魂)不变,课堂教学的核心地位不变,教学设计的关键作用不变。教学过程应体现从“教什么”到“为什么而教”的上升,也就是从一系列的教学目标的达成上升到真正理解目标背后所蕴含的最高目标价值追求。教师的教学行动应努力诠释新课程的精神—让学生在课堂中学得快乐、学得主动、学得富有成就感;充分实现课堂良性互动,带给学生更有价值的学习内容(更贴近学生的生活实际,更能代表现代文明的发展方向,更有助于学生去创造自己的幸福人生),带给学生更多充满生命活力和生命情怀的学习过程。这无疑需要教师们真正融会贯通地理解教材内容,提升教学技艺。在进一步学习之后,笔者更加认识到课堂教学的核心地位,意识到坚持备好课、抓好新课导入和教学环节衔接的关键作用。在不断总结和反思自身的教学经历中,笔者选取了多个教学片段作为案例进行分析,以交流学习初中英语课堂是如何进行教学设计—导入和衔接这两个微技巧的培养的。 一. 课例分析(一) 课例1:Unit 1, Module1, Grade 8-A, NSE (New Standard English) (2000版) 模块话题:How to learn English?

单元课题:Try not to translate every word. 新课导入:

1. Translate the song “You and me”. (请同学们先试着翻译北京奥运主题曲) You and me. From one world. We’re family.

Travel dream. A thousand miles meeting in Beijing. Come together. Put your hand in mine.

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You and me. From one world. We’re family.

2. Listen and check. (听歌,注意歌词与自己所翻译的是否一致) 我和你,心连心,共住地球村。 为梦想,千里行,相会在北京。

来吧,朋友,伸出你的手。 我和你,心连心,永远一家人。

分析:这节新课的导入借助了当时正流行的奥运主题曲,很快将课堂引入生动、自然的情景中,巧妙抓住了人们普遍不大注意中英文歌词对比这个信息差,化难为易,顺利引出了“Try not to translate every word”的主题。同时,这首歌曲也恰到好处,在此情景中更是让同学们体验了为国自豪的爱国情怀。

课例2:Unit 1, Module 4, Grade 8-A, NSE(2000版) 模块话题:Education

单元课题:How long have you studied English?

新课导入:

1. Read a piece of news. (阅读新闻)

Returning cars queue up to cross the Xiuying Port in Haikou,

the capital of Hainan province, October 4, 2008. The country's highways, railways and airports face heavy traffic as travelers return at the end of the week-long National Day holiday.

2. Pair work. (两两互问互答)

Questions: 1) -How is your National Day?

-It’s great/excellent/exciting/relaxing/boring … 2) -Where have you been? - I have been to … 3)- What have you done? - I’ve played/visited … 3. Fill in the blanks(1). (选词填空)

traveling 7-day crowded over prefer

The National Day holiday is _________ . It’s a __________ holiday. Lots of families go ____________ during the holiday. But some people __________ to stay at home because they are afraid of the __________ people and the heavy traffic. 4. Fill in the blanks(2). (选词填空)

cost went fantastic taken visited been famous

I’ve __________ to a county called Bama. It is __________ for the people’s long life. I __________ there on October 1st. I have _____________ the Crystal Cave. The ticket to the

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cave _________ me ¥180. It’s a little expensive, but the cave is very ___________. I haven’t _____________ any photos because I was tired. What a pity! 5. Ask and answer. (问与答)

Q: 1) When did we begin the holiday?

We began the holiday … (on September 29/7 days ago) 2) How long have we had/spent the holiday?

We had/spent the it … (for 7 days/since September 29/since 7 days ago)

分析:根据当时课时进度,这节课刚好排在国庆节长假收假回来的时候。利用一条有关国庆节的英语新闻设置了真实的语言学习情境,围绕本单元谈论“experience” 的话题提供了可以进行语言交流的平台;接下来的两个小填空练习是对教材的有益补充和扩展,话题顺延,衔接自然,既复习了前面Module2-3所学的重点词汇,又为后面将要学习的现在完成时态的重点、难点(for, since的用法)做了很好的铺垫。

课例3:Unit 1, Module 11, Grade 7 (B), NSE(2011版) 模块话题:Body language

单元课题:They touch noses! 新课导入:

1. Warming up: Talk about their Children’s Day and the Dragon Boat Festival in June.

T: As I can see, some of you had a good time in June. What about our president? What did he do in June two years ago? 2. Present a piece of old news:

On June 17, 2012, Vice-president Xi visited New Zealand. T: Where is New Zealand?

Present: New Zealand is a beautiful country on the Pacific Ocean. 3. Present two photos of Xi’s visit: T: What are they doing in the photo?

Present: shake hands, touch noses (New expressions in U1) T: Why do they touch noses? Present: Module 11 Body language 4. Present more photos of Maori

Maoripeople in New Zealand people in New Zealand.

T: President Xi touches noses with Maori people because it’s a kind of body language to say “Hello”. 5. Present: What is body language?

分析:肢体语言是个令学生感兴趣的话题。活泼大方的老师可以用自身的肢体语言直接进入课堂,喜欢唱歌的老师可以用“If you are happy”/《幸福拍手歌》作为引入。

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面对年龄还比较小的学生,这些都不失为好方法。在深入研究教材之后,笔者从课文对话本身提到的毛利人的肢体语言习惯出发,以习主席访问新西兰与毛利人行碰鼻礼的真实的新闻图片设了一个悬念,既引发了学生极大的兴趣,又自然地衔接切入到了课文对话中。

课例4:Unit3, Module 4, Grade1-Starter, NSE 模块话题:Activities and the weather

单元课题:What’s the weather like in summer? 新课导入:

1. Warming-up (热身)

1) Music game: Play music, pass a toy and answer the following questions. Q: How are you?

What’s this in English?

How do you spell “classroom”? Where’s your bag?

What colour is your bag?

How many boys are there in your class? Do you like watching TV? … etc.

分析:只需要一个简单的录音机,在轻松愉快的气氛中,老师就可以带着学生复习巩固了前面所学的比较枯燥的句型。 2. Super interview (采访)

S1- Student1, S2- Student2, T- Teacher, C- Class

1) T(to S2): Would you please wait outside the classroom? (After S2 walks out of the classroom)

T:Now the class, please write down S1’s answers. Ready? T(to S1): What’s S2’s English name?

What’s his/her telephone number? Can he/she swim/play basketball/…?

What’s his/her favourite fruit/season/…?

2) (Welcome S2 back)

T(to S2): What’s your English name? S2: … C: Yes/No!

T(to S2): What’s your telephone number? …

Can you swim/play basketball/…?

What’s your favourite fruit/season/…? …

分析:不需要多媒体的辅助,这样一个看似简单的超级访问,其实可以调动全班进行

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听、说和写的训练,即可落实一些language points, 又能培养情感目标(如何做好朋)。 3. Prepare four colour cards. 1) Q: What colour is it?

→What colour is spring/summer/…?

2. Raise Further questions:

Q: Why is spring green?

→Because Trees turn green. Everything begins to grow. … What’s the weather like in spring? →It’s warm.

Present “hot, cool, cold …” by one question after another.

分析:这个步骤的设计同样没有使用多媒体教学,仅仅通过简单的四张彩色卡纸,很快顺利进入了新课教学。

二.创新导入 自然衔接

通过以上4个课例,不妨思考一下:我们可以从什么方面进行新课的导入设计?总结以上的课例,其分别从众所周知的见闻、新闻事实、文化常识及贴近学生生活实际的话题入手。《英语课程标准》明确了基础教育阶段英语课程的首要任务是:激发和培养学生学习英语的兴趣,使学生树立自信心,养成良好的学习习惯和形成有效的学习策略,发展自主学习的能力和合作精神(《英语课程标准》,2001:1);《义务教育英语课程标准》(2011年版)将语言教学观上升到体现语言的工具性、实用性和人文性。毋庸置疑,激发兴趣和吸引学生的注意力成为了初中英语教师备课的出发点和立足点,从而体现了面向全体学生,以学生为主体,尊重学生的基本理念。其次,良好的开端是成功的一半。巧设语言课堂的情景,从新课导入开始进行创新教学设计,可以激活学生,有助于优化语言教学,提高课堂效益,正如英国教学法专家Jeremy Harmer 所写道的:One of the greatest enemies of successful teaching is student boredom. That’s why most lessons would like to start with “Warming-up” in order to interest and motivate the students. (Jeremy Harmer, 2005: 5) 通过多年实践证明,music game, super interview和object show 适用于不少新课的导入,是很好的 doing warming-up的方法。但导入设计的初步成形不代表导入的成功。如果光凭一个想法,没有一步步承上启下的铺垫和过渡的设计,在实际课堂中往往会出现启而不发、导而不入的尴尬局面,这就涉及一个衔接的问题。

因此,我们的导入设计不仅仅是一个灵光闪现的好想法,更包括每一个环节、甚至每一话的衔接设计。衔接是新课导入成功的关键,创新导入、自然衔接缺一不可。

以上四个教学案例,都非常注重新课导入的创新设计。创新教学是对教师综合素质的挑战和提高。首先,备课时,教师要具备备学生的能力。When creating a lesson, a teacher must consider the background of the students (Marianne, 2001: 404). 学生是教学的对象与主体,要了解学生的基本情况,必须做必要的学生学习需求分析(needs analysis),这样才能体现尊重学生,从学生的实际出发的课改理念,才能保证在更大程度上获得

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学生的配合。其次,教师本身要有亲和力和掌控课堂的能力。A good teacher is somebody who has an affinity with the students that they’re teaching. A good teacher should try and draw out the quiet ones and control the more talkative ones (Jeremy Harmer, 2000: 2). 作为一名初中英语老师,若想让你的课堂吸引学生的注意力,平时要主动接近学生,关心学生,了解学生的性格特点及学习风格,留意学生的兴趣爱好,有意识地收集相关的信息,建立丰富多彩的信息库。在必要的时候,关注学科间的横向联系,备课时可根据学生的实际情况和需求,大胆地对教材进行适当的有益的删减、补充、替换或扩展,从而使教材更加符合学生的知识水平、认知水平和心理发展水平;通过提供具有思想性、拓展性及趣味性较强的内容和活动,激发学生的学习兴趣和学习动机。再者,创新教学需要教师具有较高的处理教材的能力。A good lesson has a sense of coherence and flow … On a macro level, links or threads should connect the various lessons over the days and weeks of a course. On a micro level, students need to understand the rationale for each activity (Marianne, 2001: 406) .在备课中,如果能巧妙地呈现前后知识的连续性,做到自然地过渡;如果能通过不同形式的活动,让学生在主动参与的过程中体验语言的相关性和流畅性,那么教材在教师手中就会变得活起来了。以下课例5很好说明了每一环节的创新设计和自然衔接的重要关系。

课例5:Unit1, Module 5, Grade 7 (B), NSE(2011版) 模块话题:Shopping

单元课题:What can I do for you?

新课导入: 1. Music game

Q: Which is our school shop? ( four photos for Ss to choose: market, supermarket, clothes shop, school shop )

Can we buy any Coke in the school shop? Can we buy any sausages in the school shop?

Present: Can we buy any biscuits / strawberries / lemons / T-shirts in the school shop?

(“Biscuit, strawberry, lemon and T-shirt” are four key words in this unit.)

T: Yeah, we can do some shopping in our school shop. Let’s come to Module 5 —

__________ . Unit 1 ________ can I _______ for you? (Guide the Ss to complete the title by filling in the blanks.)

分析:这个设计既拉近了师生的距离,活跃了上课的气氛,又整合了课本Part1中两个

部分的内容。

2. Free talk: Do you like shopping?

T: Some of you like shopping. What about Lingling and Betty? They like shopping, too. Look! Mother’s Day is coming. They’re going to do some shopping for their mothers. What are they going to buy? 3. Listening (1): SB - P.26 Part 2

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T: Now let’s go shopping with Lingling and Betty. Can you say sth. about their shopping list? 4. Speaking (1): Talk about the shopping list.

T: Here we are. We’re in a clothes shop with Lingling and Betty. Look at this T-shirt. How much is it? …

Present: That’s too much / expensive. But there’s a sale on today. It’s half price.

That isn’t too much / expensive. (Key structures in the conversation.)

T: Which T-shirt is Lingling going to buy for her mum? Please listen to the conversation. 5. Listening (2): SB - P.26 Part 3 (Section A-In the shop) 6. Practise reading the conversation

T: You read quite well. Can you remember the conversation? Let’s play a memory game. 7. Memory game: To make the conversation into some information gaps.

T: Now as we can see, Lingling is going to buy her mum a T-shirt for Mother’s Day. How about fathers? Are you going to buy presents for your dad for Father’s Day? Let’s choose a present for our father.

8. Speaking (2): Make a conversation about buying a present for fathers. …

T: Today we talk about shopping. When we’re shopping, the shop worker may ask … 9. Summary

分析:购物是个很熟悉的话题,但老师们往往会被教材的第一部分牵着鼻子走,特别是Now say where you can buy these things 这个部分。在现实生活中,同一种东西是可以在不同的场所买得到,如:在超市也可以买到T-shirt,所以这个部分操作起来实际意义不大,但我们可以顺着教材的思路走。笔者另辟蹊径,把语言情境设置到了学校的小卖部,一来贴近了学生的校园生活,二来整合了教材,化难为易,层层递进,自然衔接。每一步骤都有承上启下的作用,既是对前一步的总结,又是对下一步的铺垫与过渡。

以上5个课例都属于新课导入,同样,专题课也需要用心创设情境,把学生导入自然的语言学习氛围中。

三.课例分析(二)

课例6:Unit 8, Grade 9, GFI (Go For it新目标英语) 课题:I’ll help clean up the city parks. 课型:Writing

1) Enjoy some photos of the students. The photos are about their visit to a welfare house.

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2) According to the photos, ask questions like “when, where, who, why, what and how”, and then guide the students how to write a passage about an activity.

分析:这是一节单元复习的写作课。写作是语言学习过程中最难的一个技能训练。为了激发学生的写作兴趣,让学生感到有内容可写,教师特意挖掘了符合本单元话题和贴近学生生活的素材,即该班组织的一次福利院之行的活动。同样,从学生的集体活动中挖掘素材的还有这样一个案例:

课例7:Unit 1, Module 7, Grade 8-A, NSE 课题:That smells delicious! (Period 2) Step 1 Revision

Free talk: How … look/feel/smell/taste/sound in the photo?

Look and talk about a photo of the students’ military training. For example, how does the food taste? How do the boys in the photo feel? etc.

分析:这节课是学习感官动词的第二课时,教师展示了学生军训时的照片,并以此引导学生用感官动词谈论军训时的一些真实情况,包括军训时的心情、伙食以及起床指令的军号声等。

以上两个案例(案例6-7)的共同点就是教师都使用了来自学生活动中真实的照片,创设了自然的语言情境,为学生提供了真实的语言材料,从而促进了学习者的言语能力。这一设计符合了社会建构主义的语言学习观。《英语课程标准》的理论基础是吸取各学科理论中的合理内核来加以完善自己理论体系的社会建构主义。社会建构主义教育论的要义简单说来就是,知识是由个人建构的,而不是从外部注入的。这种建构发生在与他人交往的环境中,是社会互动的结果。因此,有效的教育是建立在学习者主动理解的基础上,教师作为中介者应为学习者提供富有个人意义的学习经验和学习机会(成晓光,2002:23)。根据社会建构主义理论,教学应遵循的原则有其中以下两条:1. Learning is contextual: we do not learn isolated facts and theories in some abstract ethereal land of the mind separate from the rest of our lives: we learn in relationship to what else we know, what we believe, our prejudice and our fears. Therefore, the language we learn should be authentic. 2. Motivation is a key component in learning. Not only is it the case that motivation helps learning, but also it is essential for learning(刘书林,刘春燕,林跃武,2004:54).社会建构主义重新给教师的角色定位为 “helper” ,“facilitator” and “guider”。因此,在课堂教学设计中,尤其是创新设计的过程中,教师应不妨多思考如何以一名促进者和引导者的身份,从学生的兴趣爱好出发,为其尽量多地提供真实的语言材料(如:众所周知的见闻、新闻事实、文化常识及贴近学生生活实际的话题),创设自然的语言情境,促进学习者的言语能力。这也与新课标的课程理念相符合,即“强调学习过程,重视语言学习的实践性和应用性” (《义务教育英语课程标准》,2011:3)

四. 教师用书的使用

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初中英语课堂教学的创新设计,是基于教师用书、研究教师用书并超越教师用书的一种设计。在此,我们需要了解教师用书的编写理念与原则。教师用书严格按照国家教育部《英语课程标准》的要求,清楚列出了每一模块需要达到的知识、技能、学习策略、情感、文化、运用任务等教学要求。教师用书主要体现了以下原则。    

指导性原则:教学设计建议(听说读写技能教学、学习评价) 资源性原则:活动设计选择、背景知识介绍、注释、译文等 灵活性原则:提供建议和多种选择

发展性原则:为教师的发展提供反思机会

1. 教学活动的指导性

1) 教师用书所提供的是单元教案,而非课时教案。

2) 单元教案提供的是教学活动建议,而非固定教学程序。 3) 目的在于给予参考和提示,而不致于束缚教师的思维。 4)《教师用书》主要传达的是教学理念,而不只是介绍 一个教学技巧。 5) 提示活动,调整建议。 2. 教师用书的资源性

1) 明晰教学内容、教学目标 2) 介绍操作建议 3) 传达教学理念

4) 提供操作选择 5) 补充背景知识

6) 提供注释和参考译文 7) 建议评估方式 3. 教学设计的灵活性 1) 增加选择性

2) 考虑到不同的学生层次 3) 考虑到学校的不同条件

综上所述,教学中,教师应根据自己学生的实际情况,正确合理使用教师用书,领悟教师用书的精神,在教师用书的理论指导下大胆进行创新设计以避免照本宣科、生搬硬套。

五.教学设计的灵感

提到设计,不得不提到灵感。什么是灵感?An inspiration is a sudden good idea. 在中文里常用“踏破铁鞋无觅处,得来全不费工夫”来描写灵感的飘然而至。它所包含的心理学道理说明了灵感是创造性劳动过程中出现的一种功能达到高潮的心理状态。这种状态能导致艺术、科学、技术的新构思和新观念的产生。随着知识的更新发展,

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教育对象的不断变化,教学效益要求的日渐提高,使类似一种艺术创造和再创造的课堂教学设计是没有止境的。如果教师在备课这一环节中的方式方法始终千篇一律,毫无创造力可言,那激发学生的兴趣,调动学生的学习积极性是不可能实现的。One of the greatest enemies of successful teaching is student boredom (Jeremy Harmer, 2005: 5) 因此,课堂教学创新设计更需要灵感的闪现,需要“山重水复疑无路,柳暗花明又一村”的“茅塞顿开”的畅快感。下面就如何捕捉灵感选取几个案例进行点评。

六. 案例分析 (三)

课例8:Unit 5, Grade 8-B, GFI (Go For it)

课题:If you go to the park, you’ll have a good time. (Period 2) 教学步骤: 1. Enjoyment

1) Listen to an English song and fill in the miss words.(听歌填词) Top of The World – by Carpenters

2) Find out the conditional adverbial clauses “ if ” in the words.(从歌词中找条件状语从句) 2. Reading

1) Read the words from some famous people.(读名人说过的话) a. O’ Neal, the MVP of NBA (奥尼尔, 美国NBA著名球星) “If it is not the Lakers, who will win the title? ”

b. Nightingale, the founder of modern nursing (南丁格尔, 现代护理的创始人)

“If I go to that hospital and work, I’m sure I’ll learn a lot.”

c. Bill Gates, Father of Computer (比尔盖茨, 美国微软公司总裁) “If there’s a power failure, you won’t do much work.” d. Madonna, an American singer (麦当娜, 美国流行歌手)

“If you don’t love and respect yourself, how can you love and respect anybody else?” e. Britney, an American singer (布兰妮, 美国流行歌手)

“I’ll support my sister Lynn a hundred percent if she decides to be a singer.” f. Mary Fasano, the oldest student from Harvard (玛丽, 哈大年龄最长的毕业生)

“If the saying is true that wisdom comes with age, you may say that I’m one of the wisest persons in this hall today, and even at this university.” 2) Report what he/she says.(转述名人所言) 3) Read the following poem.(诗歌欣赏)

On The Stork Tower

The sun beyond the mountain glows. The Yellow River seawards flows. You can enjoy a grander sight. By climbing to a greater height.

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1) Do the following exercise.

a. If you can translate the poem into Chinese, you will be great. b. If you know the poet(诗人), write it down.

c. According to the writer, ______ you want to enjoy a grander sight, please climb to a greater height. 3. Look and say

Talk about the signs with “if”. (用“If”谈论图标含义) e.g. If you see this sign, you can smoke here. 4. Writing

Follow the sample and write.

e.g. I’ll become a teacher. If I become a teacher, I will work with children. I love children, so I’ll be happy. I will have a long summer vacation. But I won’t be famous.

Maybe I’ll be a lawyer. If I become a lawyer, I will be able to help people. But I won’t spend a long holiday…

分析:这节课是对条件状语从句的继续学习,本着从感性认识到理性认识的认知过程的特点,教师积极开动脑筋,把深入的学习仍然放在了“motivate the students”的基调上。从听歌填词、找条件状语从句、走近名人、诗歌鉴赏、图标英语到梦想写作,每一环节的设计都不失趣味性和挑战性,保持了学生层层探究的兴致和热情,体验了英语学习的快乐和成就。

课例9:Unit 2, Module 4, Grade 8-A, NSE

课题:Project Hope has built many schools. (Period 2) 教学步骤: 1.Lead-in

1) Read two pieces of news about Project Hope from China Daily.(读新闻)

Su Mingjuan moved many people with her bright eyes in this photo taken by Xie Hailong 17 years ago in a village school in East China's Anhui Province .

Su Mingjuan (left),

Rang Ying (centre)

and Zhou Biaoliang (right) are able to continue their studies thanks to Project Hope. [China Daily]

2) Fill in the blanks. (根据新闻内容填空)

The three girls were from ___________ families. They __________ out of school when

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they were in the primary school. They got help from ___________ Hope.

3) Read remarks about Project Hope. (读评论)

Project Hope Lights Future

In the past 19 years, Project Hope has not only given many children many new experiences, but has also changed their destiny forever. 2. Reading

1) Read two boys’ stories on Page 28 of the textbook. (课文阅读) 2) Ask and answer. (问与答) 3) Complete the passage.

4) Fill in the form. 5) “Yes” or “No”.

分析:这是一节阅读课,教师以课文话题为主线,但却跳出课本,寻找更有说服力的受希望工程资助而完成学业的成功学子的事例为阅读的引子,从而更贴近现实生活。在这一导入过程中既了解了希望工程,又为重点新词的呈现和学习做了铺垫。接着,教师对课本阅读文章的学习进行了大胆创新,就不同的文段,设计了问答、填短文、填表格与正误判断四个任务,改变了以往枯燥的讲解式的阅读课教学模式,在整合教材的尝试中让学生学得更透更扎实。

课例10:Unit 2, Module 4, Grade 8-B, NSE

课题:If a snake bites you, take a photo. 教学步骤: 1. Lead-in

Brainstorm: If you have a mobile phone, what will you do with it? (头脑风暴)

→If I have a mobile phone, I’ll use it to …(make telephone calls/ send text messages/ send emails/ take photos/ take videos/ wake me up/ tell the time, etc.) 2. Look and find out

Look at the picture of the passage and find out five “wh-” questions. (看图提问) e.g. Who is the man?

Where is he? …

分析:被蛇咬的经历并不是学生的普遍经历,基于这点,教师“喧宾夺主”,改用学生普遍熟悉又渴望得到的手机这一物品导入新课,引出课题;然后,充分利用课文的插图,引导并启发学生用五个“wh-”进行提问,在提问中逐步带出故事的基本要素,既整合了教材,又对学生进行了较好的学法指导。

前面提到,教师的角色不是单纯的知识传授者,而是“helper, guider, facilitator”。因此,帮助学生化难为易是教师的重要任务。以下两个案例就是针对这个问题的创新

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设计。

课例11:Unit 2, Module 2, Grade 8-B, NSE 课题:No one knew who I was. (Period 2)

教学步骤: 1. Revision

1) Revise the language points. (复习语言点)

2) Find out the object clauses in the passage. (找宾语从句) 2. Reading

Read the passage with the accompany of the light music. (配乐朗诵)

分析:从标题可以看出,这是学习宾语从句的模块,但从全局来看,这只是学习宾语从句的起始模块。教师并没有特别着重讲解并训练宾语从句的运用,而是突出了“学会与人交往”的情感目标的培养。在优美抒情的轻音乐的伴奏下,带领学生们一起进行美文朗诵。通过变换不同的轻音乐,增加学生们朗诵的次数,在轻松的氛围下无形之中进一步感知了宾语从句,从而优化了语法的学习。

课例12:Unit 2, Module 6, Grade 8(B), NSE 课题:He said it was on at the student cinema. 新课导入: 1. Lead-in

1) Look and read. (看照片读句子)

Johnny Depp (American)

“Depp is one of the coolest men around the world,” a French magazine

said.

Orlando Bloom (British) “I’d love to be Johnny Depp,” Bloom said to a BBC reporter.

Keira Knightley (British)

“Depp is fantastic. He’s a lovely man and a talented actor,” said

Knightley.

2) Answer the question.(问与答)

Q: Why did Bloom and Knightley both mention Depp? →They all played the big parts in the same film. →The name of the film is Pirates of the Caribbean.

分析:这是一篇介绍电影《加勒比海盗》的文章,剧中繁琐的人名无疑是学生的阅读

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障碍之一。为了帮助学生理清人物关系,教师从英文杂志中搜集了文章提到的三位主角的照片和他们的访谈录,并通过一个设问自然而然引出了主题,为学生的顺利阅读做了有利铺垫。

课例8至案例12的教学创新设计的案例均来自教师的灵感。那么,灵感的来源在哪里?灵感真的是“得来全不费工夫”吗?其实不然,要想“得来全不费工夫”,须有“踏破铁鞋”为前提。所谓的“踏破铁鞋”,那是指实实在在的、点点滴滴的工作和思考。如有一天早读,笔者路经某班,偶然听到学生们在朗朗吟诵南宋著名女词人李清照的《如梦令》。

常记溪亭日暮, 沉醉不知归路。 兴尽晚回舟, 误入藕花深处。 争渡,争渡, 惊起一滩鸥鹭。

听觉上的享受让我马上意识到学生们很喜欢这首词,联想到英语科目前正在学习的一般过去时,我灵机一动,回到办公室写下了借助这首词来学习一般过去时的教案。开头可以这样提问:“What did the writer and her friends do on that day?”然后逐步引导学生用英语表达出词中的含义。如:Where did they go? When did they come back? etc. 在老师鼓励的目光下,学生们跃跃欲试,表现欲极强,课堂气氛极为活跃。因为,这不仅可以展示他们的文学修养,也可以锻炼自己的英语口语能力。在大家的共同努力下,收集了如下的回答:They went to Xi Ting(溪亭). They went by boat. They played very late. They enjoyed the place. Maybe they drank. They saw lots of birds. 以上这些词基本都在学生所学的范围之内,只要转转弯,就可以用简单的英语将词的含义表达出来。我顺水推舟,拓展了“go boating”, “lose one’s way”和“scenery”等词汇,让学生们在感受中国古词优美音韵之余,较为轻松地学到了英语。

在日常的备课工作中,如果教师能围绕备课的主要内容,从教材、学生、方法三个方面积极开动脑筋,才有可能让灵感于苦苦思考中不经意在瞬间迸发出来,从而进行创新设计。总之,灵感的来源靠日积月累、细致扎实的工作;灵感的闪现靠乐于思考、勤于钻研的习惯;灵感的捕捉靠积极实践、勇于创新的精神。

七.结语

《义务教育英语课程标准》(2011版)指出:义务教育阶段的英语课程具有工具性和人文性的双重性质。就工具性而言,英语课程承担着培养学生基本英语素养和发展学生思维能力的任务;就人文性而言,英语课程承担着提高学生综合人文素养的任务。基于对新课标课程性质和理念的深入理解,外研社修订、更新后的New Standard English教材,更好地依照了新课标的要求,为师生提供了更丰富、更合实际的语言学习的平台,同时,新教材也对一线教师提出了新的挑战。教材在变,但教学灵魂不变,课堂

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教学的核心地位不变,教学设计的关键作用不变。教师作为教材的使用者,在领悟教材精神、把握教材基本内容的前提下,应勇于探索、大胆创新,把课堂教学引领成为实现语言工具性和人文性的有效途径。创新,是一个吐故纳新的过程。教师需要全面提高自身综合素质,注重营造宽松、民主、富于创新精神的教学氛围,着眼于生活中蕴藏着的无穷无尽的教育教学资源,积极进行课堂教学创新设计,创设生活化、真实的语言学习情境,以此引起学生学习英语的兴趣,使学生树立自信心,进而激发学生创新的欲望,培养学生创造的意识。创新的课堂也绝不是搞搞花架子、走走过场,创新设计须以《英语课程标准》研制组核心成员刘兆义老师的“真实,落实,扎实;有理,有序,有效”十二字原则为理论指导。同时,创新教学是参与式教学的重要体现,从根本上转变了“以教师为中心”、“以课堂为中心”、“以书本为中心”的传统教学观念,树立了“学生为中心”人本教学新理念,真正在教学活动中确立和尊重学生的主体地位,正如叶圣陶先生所言:“教师之为教,不在全盘授予,而在相机诱导”。因此,教师只有把自己设想成学习者,才能为学习者设计出探索性较强的创新课。“学源于思,思源于疑”,愿一线的英语教师们加强“创新导入 自然衔接”的备课意识,形成主动反思教学、交流教学构思的习惯;愿一线的英语教师们不断更新教育理念、仔细观察、用心积累、勤于思考并在实践中积极进行课堂教学的创新设计,与学生一齐共同享受生机勃勃、激情四射的英语课堂!

参考书目:

1. Jeremy Harmer, 2000. How to Teach English [M] 北京:外语教学与研究出版社。

2. Mar inane Celce - Murcia, 2001. Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language [M] USA:

Thomson Learning.

3. 闫祯编著,2006. 《参与式教学活动的设计与实施》[M] 西安:陕西师范大学出版社。 4. 成晓光,2002. 对我国英语课程标准的思考[J],《外语与外语教学》第五期:23-25。 5. 国家教育部,2001.《英语课程标准》 [M] 北京:北京师范大学出版社。

6. 鞠勤主编,2006.《经典教学案例与创新课堂设计-初中英语》[M] 北京:世界知识出版社。 7. 刘书林,刘春燕,林跃武,2004. 《英语教学新概念》[M] 合肥:中国科技大学出版社。 8. 2002—2003.《英语广场》[J] 武汉:湖北教育出版社。

9. 许渊冲,唐自东,沈占春,刘琦,2004.《唐宋名家千古绝句100首》/100 Tang and Song Quatrain

Masterpieces by Great Poets [M] 长春:吉林文史出版社。

10. 国家教育部,2011.《义务教育英语课程标准》 [M] 北京:北京师范大学出版社。

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