专业英语八级词汇-18
(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)
一、
(总题数：5，分数：100.00)
Everyone knows that human language can be a superb means
of communication. Therefore, it can be damnably misleading (1)
a barrier to people's understanding with each other, and never (2)
more so than when names given for the ease of classification (3)
are taken to mean more than they do. If, for instance, they say
that this man is white and that man coloured, we say no more
than truth as long as we understand that we are speaking only of
the colour of the skin. We can also make neutral and honest comments (4)
such as that \"A\" is above average height, has little than the average (5)
intelligence, is red-haired, is born in the north, and is left-handed.
The danger raises when we find other men who are white or coloured, (6)
who are tall, stupid, red-haired, northerners, or sinister. It is
then we begin to correlate one fact with another and to make assumptions (7) about other characteristics, which we believe are linked to the (8)
features we first observe. So that when we talk about the white (9)
or the coloured, we are apt to imply and believe that each adjective
tells us more about the person in the question than it can. We (10)
are making them into portmanteau words into which we have
packed our hopes, our wishes, our prejudices and our fears.
（分数：20.00）
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：Therefore→However）
解析：[解析] 原文中的“人类语言是交流的极好工具”和“它可能造成误导”之间应该是轻微的转折关系，因此将表因果关系的therefore改为however。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：在a之前加and）
解析：[解析] 原文想要表达的是“人类语言可能极易让人误解，可能是人与人之间相百理解的障碍”，因此应该在a之前加上并列连词and，将二者连接为并列的表语。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：for→to）
解析：[解析] give sth. to sth.意为“将某事物用于某事物”，与原文相符，因此将介词for改为to。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：colour→colours）
解析：[解析] 原文想要表达的是“我们只是在谈论肤色”，而上文提到了白人和有色人种，因此此处的colour要采取复数形式colours。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：little→less）
解析：[解析] 由than可知，原文想要表示比较的概念，因此采用little的比较级less。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：raises→arises）
解析：[解析] raise通常用作及物动词，意为“提高，升起”，而原文想要表达的是“发生危险”，因此将其改成意为“出现，发生”的不及物动词arise。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：在then之后加that）
解析：[解析] 原文采用的应该是强调句型it is...that...，其中that是不可以省略的，因此在被强调词then之后加上that。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：to→with）
解析：[解析] 动词link常与介词with搭配表示“与……有关”，因此将介词to改为with。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：去掉that）
解析：[解析] so that意为“以便”．而原文想要表达的是“因此我们在谈论白人或有色人种时倾向于认为……”，故去掉that，直接用so表示“因此”。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：去掉question之前的the）
解析：[解析] in question为固定搭配，意为“正被考虑或讨论的”，与原文相符，因此去掉多余的定冠词the。
How men first learnt to invent words is unknown; in other words,
the origin of language is a mystery. All we really know is that men,
unlike animals, somehow invented certain sound to express thought (1)
and feelings, actions and things, so that they could communicate with
each other; and that later they agreed upon certain signs, calling letters, (2)
which could be combined to represent those sounds, and which could
be written. Those sounds, whether spoken or written in letters, we (3)
call words. The power of words, then, lies in their associations-the
things they take up before our minds. Words become filled with meaning (4)
for us by experience; and the better we live, the more certain words recall (5)
to us the glad and sad events of our past; and the more we read and learn,
the more the number of words that mean something to us increase. Great (6)
writers are those who not only have great thoughts but also express these
thoughts in words which appeal powerfully for our minds and emotions. (7) This charming use of words is what we call literary style. After all, the (8)
real poet is a master of words. He can convey his meaning in words which
sing like music, and which by their position and association can move
men with tears. We should therefore learn to choose our words carefully and (9) use them accurately, or they will make our speech silly and dully. (10)
（分数：20.00）
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：thought→thoughts）
解析：[解析] 原文中的thought，feelings，actions和things应该是并列的名词，因此可数名词thought也应采用复数形式，故将thought改为thoughts。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：calling→called）
解析：[解析] 插入语calling letters修饰的应该是certain signs，其中signs和call之间应该是被动关系，因此将calling改为过去分词形式called。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：在第一个written之后加down）
解析：[解析] write down为固定搭配，意为“写下”，与原文刚好相符，因此在第一个written之后加上down，表示这些字母不仅代表某些发音，还能被写下来。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：take→bring）
解析：[解析] bring up为固定搭配，意为“提出；产生”，原文想要表达的是“词汇组合在我们的意识反应过来之前就产生了”，因此将take改为bring。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：better→longer）
解析：[解析] 原文想要表达的是“我们活得越久，就有越多的文字……”，因此将意为“更好”的better改成意为“更久”的longer。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：increase→increases）
解析：[解析] 句子的主语是number，因此将谓语动词increase改为increases。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：for→to）
解析：[解析] appeal to为固定搭配，意为“吸引”，与原文刚好相符，因此将介词for改为to。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：After→Above）
解析：[解析] above all为固定搭配，意为“尤其是”，与原文想要表达的“尤其是，真正的诗人是文字方面的大师”相符，因此将after改为above。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：with→to）
解析：[解析] 原文想要表达的是“联想可以将人感动得落泪”，而常用于表示达到某种程度的介词是to，因此将with改为to。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：dully→dull）
解析：[解析] 原文想要表达的是“它们将使我们的话变得愚蠢而又无聊”，其中silly和dully都应该为形容词，因此将副词dully改为形容词dull。
There is agreement among linguists who have considered the
situation over half of the world's languages are moribund, (1)
i.e. effectively being passed on to the next generation. We and our (2)
children, then, are living in the point in human history where, (3)
within perhaps two generations, most languages in the world will die out.
This mass extinction of languages may not appear immediate (4)
life-threatening. Some will feel that a reduction in numbers of languages
will ease communication, and perhaps helps build nations, even global (5)
solidarity. But there has been well pointed out that the success of humanity (6) in colonizing the planet has been due to our ability to develop
cultures suit for survival in a variety of environments. These (7) cultures have everywhere transmitted by languages, in oral (8)
traditions and latter in written literatures. So when language (9)
transmission itself breaks down, especially before the advent of
literacy in a culture, there is always a large loss of inherited knowledge.
Valued or not, that knowledge is lost, but humanity is the poorer. Along (10) with it may go a large part of the pride and self-identity of the community
of former speakers.
（分数：20.00）
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：在situation之后加that）
解析：[解析] 此处over half of the world's languages are moribund(世界上过半的语言都灭绝了)是situation的同位语从句，同位语从句用that连接，不能省略。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：在effectively前加not）
解析：[解析] i．e．意为“也就是说”，是对前文的解释，前文提到，许多语言学家认为世界上超过一半的语言已经灭绝，分析文意可知这里说的是“这些语言已不能有效地流传给下一代”，故要加上not。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：第一个in→at）
解析：[解析] at the point意为“时刻，现在”，其中的at不能用in代替，本句意为“我们和我们的子孙目前正处在人类历史中的……”。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：immediate→immediately）
解析：[解析] 此处的词要修饰形容词life-threatening(威胁生命的)，故要用副词immediately。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：helps→help）
解析：[解析] 由and连接的两个成分的语法形式要保持一致，此处的ease communication和helps build nations由and连接，紧跟前面的助动词will，动词都要用原形，故改为help。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：there→it）
解析：[解析] 此处it作形式主语，it be pointed out_句型意为“有人指出……”，类似于it be said...“据说……”这个句型。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：suit→suited）
解析：[解析] 分析句子结构可知suit for survival in a variety of environments作后置定语修饰前面的cultures，culture和suit构成动宾关系，故应用过去分词形式，将suit改为suited。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：在transmitted前加been）
解析：[解析] 分析句子结构可知，句子的主语是These cultures，与transmit是动宾关系，故此处应用被动语态，意为“这些文化通过语言被传播到世界各地……”。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：latter→latterly）
解析：[解析] latter是形容词，意为“后面的”；而latterly是副词，意为“后来”，此处表达的是“这些文化通过口头传统传播，后来通过书面文字传播”，故用时间副词latterly。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：but→and）
解析：[解析] 此处that knowledge is lost(语言消失)和humanity is the poorer(人类变得“贫穷”)是顺承关系，并非转折关系，故用and。
After the year 1600, the British Empire began to spread English
around the world. That process was given a huge boost in the 20th century
through the business, technology and post-war re-construction effects (1)
of the US. Beyond this, there were a number of quite extraordinary
trends in culture, science and the arts that were reinforced these developments. (2)
Many of these were spontaneous, but others were high deliberate-the (3)
work of the British Council, for example. Either way, English now
stands challenged as the world's international language. (4)
But the English language also has some inherent qualities that
enabled this process even far. English is a \"mongrel language\" (5) that has always borrowed heavily from the other languages. This has
allowed to grow quickly, flexibly, and efficiently. It' has developed (6)
spontaneously without an Academie Francaise to restrict it, for example, so (7)
it has intended towards a simplification-from a more highly inflected (8)
language towards becoming a less highly inflected one.
Therefore, almost every educated person in the entire world knows (9) some English. Very few people anywhere would not consider it essential (10)
part of an education in science, art, business, etc. There's a pretty clear
dynamic at work here.
（分数：20.00）
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：effects→efforts）
解析：[解析] effect意为“影响，作用”，effort意为“努力的结果，成就”，此处要表达的是“美国战后的重建工作促进了英语的传播”，是指为重建而做出的努力，故此处应为efforts。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：去掉reinforced前的were）
解析：[解析] 此处要表达“文化、科学和艺术加强了英语的推广”，reinforce意为“加强”，并没有被动含义，故去掉were。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：high→highly）
解析：[解析] 此处修饰形容词deliberate“故意的”要用程度副词highly“高度地，非常地”。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：challenged→unchallenged）
解析：[解析] 此处要表达“现在英语已经毫无异议地成为国际语言”，unchallenged意为“毫无异议的”，challenged意为“受到挑战的，受到质疑的”，故改为unchallenged。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：far→further）
解析：[解析] 此处要表达“英语内在的一些特点也使英语的传播更进一步”，要用比较级，故改为further。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：在allowed后面加it）
解析：[解析] 此处要表达“这使得英语能快速、灵活、有效地发展”，it指代“英语”，allow sth.to...是固定用法，意为“使……做……”。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：so→and）
解析：[解析] 分析句子含义可知，It has developed spontaneously与it has intended towards a simplification是承接递进关系，而不是因果关系，故改为and。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：intended→tended）
解析：[解析] intend意为“计划，打算”，tend意为“趋向”，常与towards连用，此处要表达“英语发展趋于简单化”，故改为tended。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：Therefore→Meanwhile）
解析：[解析] 此段继续说明英语通用的另一个原因，与上文不构成因果关系。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：在essential前加an）
解析：[解析] 此处要表达的是“无论在哪里，都没有人不把英语看作科学、艺术和商业等教育的一部分”，双重否定表达肯定含义，即“无论在哪里，人们都把英语看作科学、
艺术和商业等教育的一部分”。表达“……的一部分”用a part of，冠词不可省，essential前用冠词an。
All of us have different styles of communicating with other people. Our style depends on a lot of things: our educational background, our age, and it also can depend on our gender.
The styles that men and women used to communicate have been described (1) as \"debate vs. relate\
Men often seek straightforward solutions with problems and useful advice (2) therefore women tend to try and establish intimacy by discussing problems (3)
and show concern and empathy in order to reinforce relationships. (4)
Jennifer Coates, in her book Women, Men and Language, studied
men-only and women-only discussion groups and found women (5) talk to each other they reveal a lot about their private lives. They also
stick on to one topic for a long time, let all speakers finish their sentences (6)
and try to have everyone participate. Men, on the other hand, merely (7)
talked about their personal relationships and feelings but compete to (8)
prove them better informed about current affairs, travel, sport, etc. (9)
The topics changed often and the men tried to, over time, establish
a reasonably stable hierarchy, with some men dominating
conversation and the others talking very little. (10)
（分数：20.00）
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：used→use）
解析：[解析] 分析句子结构可知that men and women used to communicate(男人和女人用来交流的方式)是定语从句，修饰the styles，此处表示男人和女人对交流方式的主动采用，且文章整体时态为一般现在时，故改为use。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：with→to）
解析：[解析] solution to...“……的解决方法”是固定搭配。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：therefore→whereas）
解析：[解析] 分析上下文语义，前文描述的是男人的说话方式，后文描述的是女人的说话方式，二者之间是转折关系，而不是因果关系，故用whereas替换there fore。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：show→showing）
解析：[解析] 分析句子结构可知，此处show与discussing problems由并列连词and连接，故show应与discussing形式一致，同为动名词形式作by的宾语。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：在found后加when）
解析：[解析] 分析句子结构women talk to each other they reveal a lot about their private lives是found的宾语从句，此处省略了连词that，再分析从句可知，women talk to each other在从句中作状语，故应在found后加when。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：去掉stick后的on）
解析：[解析] 此处要表达女人谈话时总是坚持一个话题很长时间，stick to意为“坚持”，stick on意为“粘在……上”，没有stick on to这种搭配。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：merely→rarely）
解析：[解析] 前文说到女人在谈话时总是谈论私人生活，接着用on the other hand转折，说明男士相比之下则很少谈论个人关系和情感，merely意为“只，仅仅”，不合文意，应改为rarely，意为“很少”。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：compete→competcd）
解析：[解析] 本句意为“男士们往往竞相证明自己更加了解当今的时事……”，本句的整体时态是过去时，故此处compete也要用过去时。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：them→themselves）
解析：[解析] 此处要表达的是“男士们往往竞相证明自己对当下时事更加了解……”，应该用反身代词，故改为themselves。
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：去掉others前的the）
解析：[解析] 此处只是泛指除主导话题的男士外的“其他人”，不定指某一群体中的其他人，故不用定冠词。
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